Europe’s copper, zinc, lead and nickel processors face a competitive imbalance under the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Domestic installations […]
The carbon cost of aluminium entering the European Union is increasingly linked to the electricity and production processes behind each
Europe’s decarbonisation drive is increasing the commercial weight of emissions from upstream steel inputs, including iron ore processing, direct reduced
Europe’s efforts to rebuild strategic raw-material processing capacity are intersecting with the EU’s carbon-border regime, affecting how the bloc supports
The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) currently applies to ferrochrome, ferromanganese and ferronickel alloys, while several other alloy
In Indonesia, the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) applies to only part of the nickel value chain. Ferronickel
China’s share in EU mineral imports Eurostat data for 2025 show that China accounted for 92% of EU magnesium imports
Aluminium producers often manufacture dozens of alloy grades with different chemical compositions, recycled-content shares and customer specifications. Under the Carbon
Financing remains a challenge for European critical-mineral projects, including those targeting materials outside the current scope of the Carbon Border
The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is altering how companies calculate costs when deciding where to manufacture metal-intensive goods,
The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) is increasing the relevance of aluminium production routes for cross-border trade terms. Primary
Europe uses rare earths in products supporting renewable energy, electric mobility, advanced electronics and defence. Much of the world’s processing
